On-grid solar systems
An on-grid solar system is directly connected to the public electricity grid. Unlike off-grid systems, it does not rely on batteries for energy storage. Instead, surplus electricity generated during peak sunlight hours is exported to the grid, while electricity can be imported from the grid when solar generation is insufficient. This bidirectional flow is facilitated by smart inverters and net metering policies, allowing for economic and operational efficiency.
The global energy landscape is undergoing a paradigm shift driven by climate change concerns, the depletion of fossil fuel reserves, and the need for sustainable development. In response, solar energy has emerged as one of the most promising renewable energy resources due to its abundance, reliability, and technological maturity. Among solar technologies, on-grid PV systems have become increasingly prevalent, particularly in urban and industrial settings where access to centralized electricity networks is available. These systems contribute significantly to reducing carbon emissions and enhancing energy security without necessitating storage solutions.
Key components:
Solar Panels (Modules): Convert solar radiation into direct current (DC) electricity using photovoltaic cells, typically made from crystalline silicon.
Grid-Tied Inverter: Converts DC electricity from the solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity compatible with the utility grid. Advanced inverters also provide grid support functionalities such as voltage regulation and frequency response.
Net Meter (Bi-Directional Energy Meter): Measures both electricity consumption from the grid and the amount of excess electricity sent back to the grid, facilitating accurate billing under net metering schemes.
Monitoring System: Tracks energy generation, consumption, and export data in real time, allowing users and utilities to optimize system performance and maintenance.
Here is a simplified illustration for the On-grid solar system:
Operational mechanism:
During daylight hours, solar panels generate electricity which is either consumed on-site or exported to the grid if production exceeds demand. During the night or periods of insufficient solar irradiance, electricity is drawn from the grid. This dynamic interchange ensures a constant energy supply without the need for storage, making on-grid systems highly efficient for areas with stable grid access.
Advantages:
Cost Efficiency: Eliminates the need for battery storage, reducing initial capital expenditure and long-term maintenance costs.
Net Metering Benefits: Users can receive credit for surplus energy fed into the grid, leading to significant savings on electricity bills.
Scalability: Systems can be easily scaled to match varying residential, commercial, or industrial energy demands.
Reduced Carbon Footprint: Substitutes conventional electricity sources with clean solar power, contributing to emission reduction targets.
Grid Stabilization Potential: When equipped with smart inverters, on-grid systems can enhance grid resilience and reduce transmission losses.
Applications:
Residential and Commercial Buildings: Widely adopted in rooftop installations to offset electricity consumption and reduce utility bills.
Industrial Facilities: Utilized to supplement grid power and achieve sustainability targets in energy-intensive sectors.
Urban Infrastructure: Integrated into smart cities, public buildings, and transport systems to promote decentralized clean energy adoption.